Which of the following is NOT a main component of executive function?

• A. Long-term memory
• B. Cognitive flexibility
• C. Inhibitory control
• D. Working memory

Answer: (A)

Executive function refers to the mental control processes we use to regulate thoughts and actions in the moment. The main parts are working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. Working memory lets you hold and manipulate information as you work through a task. Inhibitory control helps you pause impulses and ignore distractions. Cognitive flexibility lets you switch strategies or adapt to new rules. Long-term memory, however, is a store of knowledge and past experiences. It provides content you might draw on, but it doesn’t regulate ongoing thinking and behavior in real time. That’s why long-term memory is not considered a main component of executive function, while the other three are.