Which of the following are learning behaviors that reveal the use of executive function?

• A. Planning and organization
• B. Inhibition of impulses
• C. Working memory
• D. All of these

Answer: (D)

Executive function shows up in learning as self-regulation that helps students plan, monitor, and adjust their approach. Planning and organization reveal themselves when a learner maps out steps, times tasks, and gathers what is needed before starting. Inhibition of impulses shows up as resisting distractions, waiting turns, and following directions rather than acting on impulse. Working memory is evident when a learner holds instructions and relevant facts in mind while carrying out multi-step tasks and solving problems. Because each of these behaviors reflects an aspect of executive function in action, the best choice is that all of these are indicators of executive-function use in learning.