Transparent orthographies are described as:

• A. A writing system with irregular spellings
• B. A system where letters and pronunciations have almost one-to-one correspondence
• C. Only in logograms
• D. A system with silent letters

Answer: (B)

Transparent orthographies are about a clear, predictable link between written symbols and spoken sounds. In such systems, letters (and common letter combinations) map to pronunciation in a near one-to-one way, so you can usually sound out a word from its spelling and spell a word from its sounds with little guesswork. Languages like Spanish, Italian, Finnish, and Turkish are often cited as having this kind of regular, phonemic spelling.

The other descriptions don’t capture this idea: irregular spellings make pronunciation uncertain, logographic systems rely more on meaning than on sound, and silent letters add complexity rather than define a straightforward sound–spelling relationship.